The Effects Of Working Memory On Decision Making Of Heroin...

The current paper examined the effects of working memory on decision making in cocaine addicts and healthy controls. As expected, we found that cocaine addicts exhibited decreased decision making performance compared to the healthy controls. Additionally, working memory was demonstrated to decrease decision making performance among participants. However, the combined effects of working memory and addiction on decision making resulted in an interaction. These findings support results from prior studies (Bechara Martin, 2004; Corbin, McElroy, Black, 2010; Grant, Contoreggi, London, 2000; Shiv Fedorikhin, 1999; Yan et al., 2014). Cocaine addicts exhibited decreased decision making performance on the Iowa Gambling Task compared to healthy controls. Previous findings have demonstrated similar results (Bechara Martin, 2004; Grant, Contoreggi, London, 2000; Yan et al., 2014). For example, Grant, Contoreggi, and London (2000) also found that addicted individuals performed worse on the Iowa Gambling Task compared to healthy controls. In the study done by Grant, Contoreggi, and London (2000), a majority of the drug addicts preferred to select cards from the decks that resulted in higher initial gains but also resulted in higher total losses. They explained that the relationship between addiction and decreased performance on the Iowa Gambling Task was due to increased impulsivity in drug addicts (Grant, Contoreggi, London, 2000). Our current findings support theseShow MoreRelatedAddiction : Decision Or Disease Essay2021 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction: Decision or Disease According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her† (Drug Facts, 2012). Codependency disorder and drug addiction often go hand in hand; they feed into each other’s obsessions and unhealthy behaviors. The brains of those afflicted exhibit similar flaws within the prefrontal corticesRead MoreAddiction And Its Effects On Drug Abuse Essay2065 Words   |  9 Pagesexhibit similar flaws within the prefrontal cortices. There has been speculation whether or not addiction is a disease due to the addicts’ initial decision to abuse a substance. What demands examination is the inner workings of a drug addict’s brain in terms of disease analysis and the similarities with codependency disorder, in conjunction with the structural effects of addiction. Addiction as a whole is an epidemic which has grown rapidly in recent years, 23.5 million Americans are addicted toRead MoreChina s Economic And Technological Development4835 Words   |  20 Pagesdrug addiction and its effects have threatened to leave a permanent mark on the Chinese society. According to Zhang (2012), drug consumption has rapidly grown in the past few years. The officially registered number of addicts increased from 70,000 recorded in 1991 to slightly below 1.8 million in 2011. This represents a 16% annual growth rate but in reality, the number of actual addicts may reach over 17 million in 2016. Although there is no clear distinction between the addicts and users in China,Read MoreDrug Addiction And Its Psychological Approach3081 Words   |  13 Pagesages ranging from preschool to adulthood. It appears that those who were frequently engaged in drug use showed signs of irregular personality, poor impulse control and emotional agitation. Neurobiological processes relevant to drug addiction focused significantly upon limbic subcortical structures to help develop knowledge upon drug use effects on the brain. An incorporated representation of drug dependence that encompasses intoxication, bingeing, withdrawal, and craving is projected. Images revealRead MoreDrug Addiction : A Common Problem Within Our World Today2567 Words   |  11 Pagesthat people live in, their peers, genetics could be a factor, and mental illness. One side is that drug addiction could be a disease or it could be that people believe that it s a choice. With it being a choice means that people have to make the decision of what to do before they decide to take drugs or not. Arguing that this could be a disease is a side too. The side of it being a disease means that it could result in brain problems and it could be caused from having mental illnesses that ma y runRead MoreEssay on Diabetes in the UK4580 Words   |  19 Pagestype I diabetes, a deficiency in insulin production at the pancreas results in elevated blood glucose levels due to the lack of hormonal regulation. In type II diabetes, although the pancreas produces regular levels of insulin, the body resists the effect of insulin, inhibiting the ability of insulin to break down glucose in the blood. Because of the inherent differences in the biochemical mechanisms of these two diseases, the characteristics associated with type I and type II diabetes are very differentRead MoreIntroduction to Motivation16686 Words   |  67 PagesRudolf ;it was nothing but MOTIVATION. We all want to achieve something in our life and for our dreams to come true, we need to have fire in our belly ,the true hunger for success. The story doesn’t end here; circumstances are rarely favourable for working on desires and then we need motivation to drive us to right path.Motivation may be explicit or may be sometimes implicit. Motivation may be internal or may be external. World is changing proportionately with rapid changing needs of individuals, BusinessRead MoreConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 PagesTerms 2006-2011 ............................................................................. 9 Regional Ranking of Number of University Students 2011......................... 10 Working Habits ........................................................................................................................... 10 Working Conditions................................................................................................................. 10 Women in the Workplace..........................Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesEmployees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Establishing the Performance Management System 230 Establishing Rewards and Pay Plans 260 Employee Benefits 286 Ensuring a Safe and Healthy Work Environment 312 PART 6 Chapter 14 LABOR–MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTS Understanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining 340 Endnotes 367 Glossary 389 Company Index 395 Subject Index 398 v Contents PART 1 UNDERSTANDING HRM ChapterRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagescontemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their

Poverty Of The United States - 1529 Words

Poverty is an important issue in the United States. In fact, child poverty in the US is at its highest point in 20 years. [Flores Lesley, 2014] The poor are at a disadvantage, because they have an unfulfilled right to a good education. A majority of children attending public schools come from low-income families. It is hypothesized that a low household income correlates with poor achievement in school. A solution to poverty is for everyone to have a good education so everyone can be equally prepared to take on a high-skill, high-paying job. It’s unfortunate, because the solution to poverty is a good education, but a good education is hardly ever available to children living in poverty. HOW AMERICANS ARE COPING WITH POVERTY It’s hard for Americans to cope with being impoverished, because the poor are often overlooked. The ideals surrounding the United States are those of self-reliance and self-sufficiency. This is translated into the idea that government shouldn’t do anything that decreases motivation. Unfortunately, this is then translated into poverty being the fault of the poor. There are many different circumstances for how individuals have come to be poor. But, it is widely believed that the reason people are poor is because they are unmotivated, lazy, or have made bad decisions in their lives. In 2014, American’s view on poverty has taken a drastic change. Americans are now more likely to blame poverty on circumstances beyond people’s control. [O’Connor,Show MoreRelatedThe Poverty Of The United States1727 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty defined by the American Heritage Dictionary is â€Å"lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts† (Hirokazu Yoshikawa, 2012). Poverty in the United States is an issue that is often times overlooked because the focus of poverty is on developing and struggling countries. People often think America does not experience poverty because it is such a thriving country. The problem with this is that America is indeed struggling with poverty: â€Å"there are currently 488 counties in America whereRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1548 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens in poverty has risen. Several organizations have been set up to help those who suffer from poverty and provide their everyday needs. There are always ways where a community can help eliminate the amount of people suffering poverty. Government has an influence on how much money flow there is in the United States such as the FED, which was created to help maintain a stable monetary and financial system and control the money supply. People themselves can also help from falling into pov erty, butRead MorePoverty Of The United States1408 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people hear the word poverty many people think of the bad connotations that come with it like, smelly homeless people that are crackheads and disease holders. Some people may even think they are uneducated or not hard working enough and rather ask for money instead of trying to get a job. Although a small portion of that may be true to some homeless people due to addictions on drugs and the toll it takes on their lives. The majority of homeless people are either veterans or immigrants, who findRead MorePoverty in the United States755 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in the United States is getting in inferior quality every day and nothing is being done about it. Many people who want to help the poor, but no one knows exactly how to help them. A primary reason for people not taking action is because of lack of information that is provided about issues on poverty. Poverty is defined as the state of one who lack s a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released Tuesday September 13thRead MorePoverty Of The United States Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty within the United States is defined as â€Å"having an income below a federally determined poverty threshold. † Poverty thresholds were developed by the United States government in the 60s. Over time these thresholds are adjusted to account for inflation; it is typical to adjust the poverty threshold levels annually. They represent the government’s estimate of the point below which a family has insufficient resources to meet their basic needs. Any family with less income than that establishedRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagessuch dialog, topics on the increasing and rather consistent levels of poverty in some regions in America are touched on as well. Poverty is defined as a condition where one’s basics nee ds for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met (What Is Poverty? â€Å"). From sea to shining sea, more than 15 percent of the American population live in poverty, a total of people over 46 million. Many who live in poverty within the United States live in areas that were once thriving from the country’s economic growthRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pages The Character of Poverty in America Poverty has always been a key factor in United States History. Ever sense Americas birth there have been groups affected by poverty, but the forms of the poverty that affected these groups have changed as well as the nature of poverty itself in the USA. The abolition of slavery, the forced assimilation of native Americans, and mass immigration changed character of poverty within the united states change due to an evolution from agriculture to industry and a changeRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is poverty? A question most Americans will not have to think twice before answering. Poverty is, of course, simply a lack of money. The views of a specific person will defer when politics or morals are introduced, however, the idea stays the same. Those in poverty are there because they have less money than what has been decided to be livable. Poverty has changed significantly over the last two hundred years in the United States, and yet, the measuremen t has hardly changed since it was createdRead MorePoverty in the United States1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Background of Poverty in America In the United States, there are about more than forty-six million people living in impoverished conditions today. Poverty is a major conflict issue in this country amongst people who are part of the lower class because American families always had a hard time making ends meet, even before the Great Recession began. Living in poverty puts them at a disadvantage because they have to choose between necessitates like health care, child care, and food in order toRead MorePoverty Of The United States1475 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Poverty in the United States is defined as a social problem. As outlined in the text, a social problem is â€Å"a condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and is usually a matter of public controversy†. It is easy to see that there is a large economic divide in the United States, but with only a small percentage of people in the highest income stratification and the vast majority struggling to get by, the majority of United States citizens agree that there is too

Economics Applied in Business for Townsville -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomics Applied in Business for Townsville. Answer: The commonwealth games of the year 2018, officially introduced to us as XXI Commonwealth games refers to an international combined sports event for the member states of the common wealth, and the event is expected to take place in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia between 4th and 15th of April 2018.The gold coast 2018 Commonwealth games is the biggest event for sporting that will be seen by Australia in this decade and presumably the biggest that Australia has ever seen in history. A variety of activities will take place including sports, arts and cultural events in the country and across the state with the inclusion of Cairns, Brisbane, and Townsville. The total attendance in these activities is approximately 1.5 million spectators, and it will be watched via the TV by an approximate of 1.5 billion people. This event is expected to give attraction to more than 100 thousand visitors and also 6,600 athletes together with the team officials, the 70 member countries and other territorie s. An approximate of 15,000 volunteers are expected to mark this event memorable to them (Chappelet, 2012, pg. 99).The number of visitors who will be in the city is expected to be about five times more than that which come for the supercars and 606 times that of those who come for the blue beach Festivals (Byrne, 2014, pg. 77). Economic benefits that are expected to be realized in Gold coast after the commonwealth games in 2018 are numerous. About eight hundred workers are being recruited, and the tickets are also being issued for the event that will take place in Australia. The 2018 Commonwealth games will, without doubts bring about a variety of benefits to the coastal strip and also the field. The CEO of the games reported that the games are expected to give an excessive profit of $2 billion in that country(Byrne, 2014, pg. 128).The economic and social gains are supposed to go beyond the latter considering the indirect expenditure like the extension of the Gold Coast Light Rail Stage which is supposed to plough back $ 420 million, the upgrade of roads scheduled to give a profit of about $ 160.7 million, the development of the infrastructure and the other known diversifiers of the economy including Health and Carrera development. The event will lead to the development of Commonwealth inspired projects in the areas of their sustainability and good accessibility. The right engagement will finally build the reputation or else the real name of the city of Gold Coast shortly (Mules, 2013 pg. 94). The tourism sector will also have benefits from this in that these games are expected to inspire the interstate and international holidaymakers to make their visit to Queensland as the games go on or even after the games and give an exploration of what the state has to offer out to them. The expansion of the health and knowledge sector will create thousands of jobs in the health sector, the education and service ministries which will lead to the diversification of the economy of the region resulting to the reduction in reliance on the tourism industry (Byrne, 2014, pg. 98).On the other side, there are the costs that are to be incurred by Gold Coast. Reports show that there is nothing to celebrate. The people of the Queensland will run at the cost of approximately $300,000 per athlete for hosting the commonwealth games of the year 2018.An approximate of 65,000 athletes will be in the competition, and this is budgeted to cost the country about $ 2 billion. The taxpayers are meant to pa y the flying expenses for the athletes together with their officials from every corner of the world where the countries involved are member states of the Commonwealth to Gold Coast, give them food for the twelve days stay in the country, accommodate them and also provide them with security, transport and medical services (Chappelet, 2012, pg. 159).The successful bid that was placed last year envisaged that the games would cost about $1.075 billion for them to run in addition to some $ 917 million which will be spent on capital investment which includes the games village and the sporting facilities. In addition to the $ 11 million on the bid placed, there was the allocation of $ 9.17 million by the former Bling government toward the preparation for the event. The 2017/2018 financial year is forecasted to set aside an approximate of $ 51.3 million to cater for the games hence giving rise to $ 205 million by the fiscal year 2014/2015 and almost 600 million by the fiscal year 2017/2018 (Wicker Sotiriadou, 2013 pg. 156). Generally, the state is expected to pump in $ 1.12 billion for it to stage the event whereby this amount is about or else the same as the Gold Coast's biggest project ever in infrastructure when put in one place: the rail line heading to Brisbane, the bypass of Tugun, the stadium of Metricon and the skilled park. These figures come about when the country`s budget is a deficit of $ 2.8 billion and it is what the government in the meantime is struggling to reduce given that it is also in a debt of $ 65 billion (Harris, 2013 pg. 176).The event is known or else expected to change lives of the country men, in the same manner, those of 1982 Commonwealth games and the world expo of the year 1988 did to the Brisbane city. Hypes and exaggerations about this event have been hovering around giving an excellent picture of gains which do not exist. The promises that are written everywhere in social media will not be met one after the other as the sports academic Richard Cushman points out (Preuss , 2014, pg. 114). Comparing to the performance of the last commonwealth games in Sydney which did not perform as expected .There was an expectation of a boom in the tourism sector but it fell short. The same case applied to the sporting industry since there were no increases as anticipated by many. Earlier claims that each athlete would cost the country $ 3 million was all like games since the correct figures from the latest reports show that each player will cost the state an approximate of $ 300 million (Mules, 2013 pg. 134). Given that the Commonwealth games will take place and that preparation for them are underway, they will mark the greatest multi sporting competition ever held on the Gold coast with an expectation of over 1.5 million spectators in the site and 1.5 billion viewers watching them on televisions around the globe. These games will be contested in eighteen venues in Brisbane, Cairns, the Gold Coast and Townsville and the government of the Queensland is giving its commitment to improving the infrastructure by pumping in an outstanding $ 10 billion toward that infrastructure which includes the projects that are Commonwealth games related among many others. Concerning the state budget report, the new stadium zone in Townsville is meant to cost about $ 315 million is included in the enormous expenditure of the $ 1.8 billion to be used in the development of Gold university hospital (Preuss, 2014, pg. 194). The aggregate cost is estimated to be about $ 2.027 billion .This figure is expected to be offset by the operating revenues of about $272 million. There has been however the emergence of the rising cost of the multisport competitions under the worldwide stage whereby countries pull out of the organization hence causing the current economic hiccups (Harvey et al, 2014, pg.173).In many countries, the potential benefits of hosting these events does not outweigh the costs of hosting the same. Good examples of such cases include the one for Guadalajara, Mexico whereby the country hosted the 2017 FINA global aquatic championships and after that facing much economic crisis. The 2019 edition of the same championships is under questioning since the government of Gwangju city withdrew its financial aid (Lynch Jensen, 2013 pg. 197).On another different but as well a comparable scale, a study that was conducted just after the 2014 commonwealth games in Glasgow showed that in total the games plo ughed back about 1.1 which is about $ 1.2 billion, that amount in the nationals gross value of the Scotland country (the host) that amount was just equal to what the cost of any other project could have brought to the nation (Harvey et al., 2014, pg.198). Conclusion Despite the fact that the Commonwealth games for 2018 have a possibility of leaving good business foundations and get back high gains in Gold Coast, the taxpayers will have a hard time in trying to cope up with the increase in taxes and the raised standards of living. At long run, the tourism sector might come to acquire gains, but there is need to put much effort in trying to find new ways of how to get back profits. The government should also cut unnecessary expenditure on the same and allow the small entrepreneurs to maximize their opportunities in the event. The government should also ensure that there is accountability and that the infrastructure that is to be developed is made in the most efficient manner possible. Given that every favorable opportunity for making some more revenue is utilized, there is a possibility of getting some more revenue. Work cited Byrne, C., 2014. Relationship of reasonableness? The ambassadorial communication in the midst of the Commonwealth Games Confederacy and Commonwealth Games have nation 15(4), pp.1303-1325. Chappelet, J.L., 2012. Gigantic sporting event treasures: a multi-layered concept. 34, p.45. Harris, R., 2013. An Investigation of the Association between Large-Scale Sporting Proceedings and Schooling for Maintainable Progress: The Situation of Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games. The International periodical of the History of Sport, 23(13), p.3017-3047. Harvey, J., Eime, R. and Payne, W., 2014. Competence of the 2018 Commonwealth Games, 61(7), p.1514. Lynch, P.G., and Jensen, R.C., 2013. The financial outcomes of XII Commonwealth Games in the Brisbane territory. City Policy and Investigation, 5 (9), pp.32-52. Mules, T., 2013. Taxpayer grants for chief sporting occasions. Sports Administration Appraisal, 4(8), pp.34-78. Preuss, H., 2014. The money related result of guests at major multi-sports occasions. European SportsAdministration Trimestral, 6(3), pp. 432-476. Wicker, P. and Sotiriadou, P., 2013. The Trickle-Down Consequence: what people bunches pick up from holding sporting games occasions? International Periodical of Event Organization Research,6(4), pp.45-63.

National Security free essay sample

The National Security Agency has released a statement saying that nothing could be more Democratic than spying on everyone because they â€Å"may need some information for national security† so they â€Å"may as well just spy on everyone.† The NSA explained that â€Å"because people are afraid that they are being singled out by the NSA, the only logical solution is to spy on everyone at all times. We see the problem of profiling people and spying only on people of certain ethnic descents but by spying on everyone equally this will no longer be a problem†. They went on to explain that â€Å"this is an issue of national security so the freedom of the American people will have to take a backseat†. They did however say that they would prefer to not have to spy on citizens but feel that it is necessary for national security. Many citizens were not surprised by this statement. We will write a custom essay sample on National Security or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Group GCE (Government Conspiracies Exist) said they have known about the spying for years and are not surprised about the new lengths that the NSA are taking, to know everything that happens to everyone. A member of GCE said of the statement, â€Å"We are stunned by how open the NSA is being about this extended effort to watch over us and feel it is bitter sweet After all, if they tell us what they are doing to take away our freedom, it is no longer a conspiracy. I am going to have to find a new hobby.† I personally see a very simple solution to make all of this spying unnecessary. If all the citizens just accepted that this will happen and gave the government permission to watch them constantly, then the NSA wouldn’t be put through this moral quandary. By giving the government permission to watch everyone, the concerns about one group being singled out would be resolved, and the government could watch us constantly without any moral dilemma. I would go so far as to suggest that the citizens should help the government watch them. If every person in the country simply wore a camera at all times that would record everything they did then the government wouldn’t have to waste so much time secretly watching people. They could focus on the endless information they are receiving rather than pretending that they are not watching citizens. I can’t see why anyone would object to this plan. After all, the only possible reason to not want to be watched is because you have something to hide. What other reason could there be? This new plan from the NSA to watch everyone at all times seems, to me, to be a fantastic way of keeping citizens safe; however, I do realize that some people have a problem with being watched over by the government. These people might say things like, â€Å"We are losing our freedom,† â€Å"This is a violation of our rights,† â€Å"Is our freedom an acceptable price to pay for security?† and other minor complaints about the system. I think that these people and indeed everyone should be thanking the government for taking such a concern in our personal lives that they are willing to spend millions of our tax dollars to watch over us and make sure we are always safe. They have thousands of programs they could be putting our taxes and china’s money into (Medicare, Social Security, ect.) but those programs only help small groups of the population like the poor, sick and elderly. It is far more important that the government monitors our lives before these â⠂¬Å"small† groups get help with their â€Å"minor† problems. I know I will sleep easier at night now that I know the government will be standing over me, watching†¦ for my safety.