The Effects Of Working Memory On Decision Making Of Heroin...

The current paper examined the effects of working memory on decision making in cocaine addicts and healthy controls. As expected, we found that cocaine addicts exhibited decreased decision making performance compared to the healthy controls. Additionally, working memory was demonstrated to decrease decision making performance among participants. However, the combined effects of working memory and addiction on decision making resulted in an interaction. These findings support results from prior studies (Bechara Martin, 2004; Corbin, McElroy, Black, 2010; Grant, Contoreggi, London, 2000; Shiv Fedorikhin, 1999; Yan et al., 2014). Cocaine addicts exhibited decreased decision making performance on the Iowa Gambling Task compared to healthy controls. Previous findings have demonstrated similar results (Bechara Martin, 2004; Grant, Contoreggi, London, 2000; Yan et al., 2014). For example, Grant, Contoreggi, and London (2000) also found that addicted individuals performed worse on the Iowa Gambling Task compared to healthy controls. In the study done by Grant, Contoreggi, and London (2000), a majority of the drug addicts preferred to select cards from the decks that resulted in higher initial gains but also resulted in higher total losses. They explained that the relationship between addiction and decreased performance on the Iowa Gambling Task was due to increased impulsivity in drug addicts (Grant, Contoreggi, London, 2000). Our current findings support theseShow MoreRelatedAddiction : Decision Or Disease Essay2021 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction: Decision or Disease According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences to the addicted individual and to those around him or her† (Drug Facts, 2012). 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In type II diabetes, although the pancreas produces regular levels of insulin, the body resists the effect of insulin, inhibiting the ability of insulin to break down glucose in the blood. Because of the inherent differences in the biochemical mechanisms of these two diseases, the characteristics associated with type I and type II diabetes are very differentRead MoreIntroduction to Motivation16686 Words   |  67 PagesRudolf ;it was nothing but MOTIVATION. We all want to achieve something in our life and for our dreams to come true, we need to have fire in our belly ,the true hunger for success. The story doesn’t end here; circumstances are rarely favourable for working on desires and then we need motivation to drive us to right path.Motivation may be explicit or may be sometimes implicit. Motivation may be internal or may be external. 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Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their

Poverty Of The United States - 1529 Words

Poverty is an important issue in the United States. In fact, child poverty in the US is at its highest point in 20 years. [Flores Lesley, 2014] The poor are at a disadvantage, because they have an unfulfilled right to a good education. A majority of children attending public schools come from low-income families. It is hypothesized that a low household income correlates with poor achievement in school. A solution to poverty is for everyone to have a good education so everyone can be equally prepared to take on a high-skill, high-paying job. It’s unfortunate, because the solution to poverty is a good education, but a good education is hardly ever available to children living in poverty. HOW AMERICANS ARE COPING WITH POVERTY It’s hard for Americans to cope with being impoverished, because the poor are often overlooked. The ideals surrounding the United States are those of self-reliance and self-sufficiency. This is translated into the idea that government shouldn’t do anything that decreases motivation. Unfortunately, this is then translated into poverty being the fault of the poor. There are many different circumstances for how individuals have come to be poor. But, it is widely believed that the reason people are poor is because they are unmotivated, lazy, or have made bad decisions in their lives. In 2014, American’s view on poverty has taken a drastic change. Americans are now more likely to blame poverty on circumstances beyond people’s control. [O’Connor,Show MoreRelatedThe Poverty Of The United States1727 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty defined by the American Heritage Dictionary is â€Å"lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts† (Hirokazu Yoshikawa, 2012). Poverty in the United States is an issue that is often times overlooked because the focus of poverty is on developing and struggling countries. People often think America does not experience poverty because it is such a thriving country. The problem with this is that America is indeed struggling with poverty: â€Å"there are currently 488 counties in America whereRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1548 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens in poverty has risen. Several organizations have been set up to help those who suffer from poverty and provide their everyday needs. There are always ways where a community can help eliminate the amount of people suffering poverty. Government has an influence on how much money flow there is in the United States such as the FED, which was created to help maintain a stable monetary and financial system and control the money supply. People themselves can also help from falling into pov erty, butRead MorePoverty Of The United States1408 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people hear the word poverty many people think of the bad connotations that come with it like, smelly homeless people that are crackheads and disease holders. Some people may even think they are uneducated or not hard working enough and rather ask for money instead of trying to get a job. Although a small portion of that may be true to some homeless people due to addictions on drugs and the toll it takes on their lives. The majority of homeless people are either veterans or immigrants, who findRead MorePoverty in the United States755 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in the United States is getting in inferior quality every day and nothing is being done about it. Many people who want to help the poor, but no one knows exactly how to help them. A primary reason for people not taking action is because of lack of information that is provided about issues on poverty. Poverty is defined as the state of one who lack s a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released Tuesday September 13thRead MorePoverty Of The United States Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty within the United States is defined as â€Å"having an income below a federally determined poverty threshold. † Poverty thresholds were developed by the United States government in the 60s. Over time these thresholds are adjusted to account for inflation; it is typical to adjust the poverty threshold levels annually. They represent the government’s estimate of the point below which a family has insufficient resources to meet their basic needs. Any family with less income than that establishedRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagessuch dialog, topics on the increasing and rather consistent levels of poverty in some regions in America are touched on as well. Poverty is defined as a condition where one’s basics nee ds for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met (What Is Poverty? â€Å"). From sea to shining sea, more than 15 percent of the American population live in poverty, a total of people over 46 million. Many who live in poverty within the United States live in areas that were once thriving from the country’s economic growthRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pages The Character of Poverty in America Poverty has always been a key factor in United States History. Ever sense Americas birth there have been groups affected by poverty, but the forms of the poverty that affected these groups have changed as well as the nature of poverty itself in the USA. The abolition of slavery, the forced assimilation of native Americans, and mass immigration changed character of poverty within the united states change due to an evolution from agriculture to industry and a changeRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is poverty? A question most Americans will not have to think twice before answering. Poverty is, of course, simply a lack of money. The views of a specific person will defer when politics or morals are introduced, however, the idea stays the same. Those in poverty are there because they have less money than what has been decided to be livable. Poverty has changed significantly over the last two hundred years in the United States, and yet, the measuremen t has hardly changed since it was createdRead MorePoverty in the United States1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Background of Poverty in America In the United States, there are about more than forty-six million people living in impoverished conditions today. Poverty is a major conflict issue in this country amongst people who are part of the lower class because American families always had a hard time making ends meet, even before the Great Recession began. Living in poverty puts them at a disadvantage because they have to choose between necessitates like health care, child care, and food in order toRead MorePoverty Of The United States1475 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Poverty in the United States is defined as a social problem. As outlined in the text, a social problem is â€Å"a condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and is usually a matter of public controversy†. It is easy to see that there is a large economic divide in the United States, but with only a small percentage of people in the highest income stratification and the vast majority struggling to get by, the majority of United States citizens agree that there is too

Economics Applied in Business for Townsville -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomics Applied in Business for Townsville. Answer: The commonwealth games of the year 2018, officially introduced to us as XXI Commonwealth games refers to an international combined sports event for the member states of the common wealth, and the event is expected to take place in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia between 4th and 15th of April 2018.The gold coast 2018 Commonwealth games is the biggest event for sporting that will be seen by Australia in this decade and presumably the biggest that Australia has ever seen in history. A variety of activities will take place including sports, arts and cultural events in the country and across the state with the inclusion of Cairns, Brisbane, and Townsville. The total attendance in these activities is approximately 1.5 million spectators, and it will be watched via the TV by an approximate of 1.5 billion people. This event is expected to give attraction to more than 100 thousand visitors and also 6,600 athletes together with the team officials, the 70 member countries and other territorie s. An approximate of 15,000 volunteers are expected to mark this event memorable to them (Chappelet, 2012, pg. 99).The number of visitors who will be in the city is expected to be about five times more than that which come for the supercars and 606 times that of those who come for the blue beach Festivals (Byrne, 2014, pg. 77). Economic benefits that are expected to be realized in Gold coast after the commonwealth games in 2018 are numerous. About eight hundred workers are being recruited, and the tickets are also being issued for the event that will take place in Australia. The 2018 Commonwealth games will, without doubts bring about a variety of benefits to the coastal strip and also the field. The CEO of the games reported that the games are expected to give an excessive profit of $2 billion in that country(Byrne, 2014, pg. 128).The economic and social gains are supposed to go beyond the latter considering the indirect expenditure like the extension of the Gold Coast Light Rail Stage which is supposed to plough back $ 420 million, the upgrade of roads scheduled to give a profit of about $ 160.7 million, the development of the infrastructure and the other known diversifiers of the economy including Health and Carrera development. The event will lead to the development of Commonwealth inspired projects in the areas of their sustainability and good accessibility. The right engagement will finally build the reputation or else the real name of the city of Gold Coast shortly (Mules, 2013 pg. 94). The tourism sector will also have benefits from this in that these games are expected to inspire the interstate and international holidaymakers to make their visit to Queensland as the games go on or even after the games and give an exploration of what the state has to offer out to them. The expansion of the health and knowledge sector will create thousands of jobs in the health sector, the education and service ministries which will lead to the diversification of the economy of the region resulting to the reduction in reliance on the tourism industry (Byrne, 2014, pg. 98).On the other side, there are the costs that are to be incurred by Gold Coast. Reports show that there is nothing to celebrate. The people of the Queensland will run at the cost of approximately $300,000 per athlete for hosting the commonwealth games of the year 2018.An approximate of 65,000 athletes will be in the competition, and this is budgeted to cost the country about $ 2 billion. The taxpayers are meant to pa y the flying expenses for the athletes together with their officials from every corner of the world where the countries involved are member states of the Commonwealth to Gold Coast, give them food for the twelve days stay in the country, accommodate them and also provide them with security, transport and medical services (Chappelet, 2012, pg. 159).The successful bid that was placed last year envisaged that the games would cost about $1.075 billion for them to run in addition to some $ 917 million which will be spent on capital investment which includes the games village and the sporting facilities. In addition to the $ 11 million on the bid placed, there was the allocation of $ 9.17 million by the former Bling government toward the preparation for the event. The 2017/2018 financial year is forecasted to set aside an approximate of $ 51.3 million to cater for the games hence giving rise to $ 205 million by the fiscal year 2014/2015 and almost 600 million by the fiscal year 2017/2018 (Wicker Sotiriadou, 2013 pg. 156). Generally, the state is expected to pump in $ 1.12 billion for it to stage the event whereby this amount is about or else the same as the Gold Coast's biggest project ever in infrastructure when put in one place: the rail line heading to Brisbane, the bypass of Tugun, the stadium of Metricon and the skilled park. These figures come about when the country`s budget is a deficit of $ 2.8 billion and it is what the government in the meantime is struggling to reduce given that it is also in a debt of $ 65 billion (Harris, 2013 pg. 176).The event is known or else expected to change lives of the country men, in the same manner, those of 1982 Commonwealth games and the world expo of the year 1988 did to the Brisbane city. Hypes and exaggerations about this event have been hovering around giving an excellent picture of gains which do not exist. The promises that are written everywhere in social media will not be met one after the other as the sports academic Richard Cushman points out (Preuss , 2014, pg. 114). Comparing to the performance of the last commonwealth games in Sydney which did not perform as expected .There was an expectation of a boom in the tourism sector but it fell short. The same case applied to the sporting industry since there were no increases as anticipated by many. Earlier claims that each athlete would cost the country $ 3 million was all like games since the correct figures from the latest reports show that each player will cost the state an approximate of $ 300 million (Mules, 2013 pg. 134). Given that the Commonwealth games will take place and that preparation for them are underway, they will mark the greatest multi sporting competition ever held on the Gold coast with an expectation of over 1.5 million spectators in the site and 1.5 billion viewers watching them on televisions around the globe. These games will be contested in eighteen venues in Brisbane, Cairns, the Gold Coast and Townsville and the government of the Queensland is giving its commitment to improving the infrastructure by pumping in an outstanding $ 10 billion toward that infrastructure which includes the projects that are Commonwealth games related among many others. Concerning the state budget report, the new stadium zone in Townsville is meant to cost about $ 315 million is included in the enormous expenditure of the $ 1.8 billion to be used in the development of Gold university hospital (Preuss, 2014, pg. 194). The aggregate cost is estimated to be about $ 2.027 billion .This figure is expected to be offset by the operating revenues of about $272 million. There has been however the emergence of the rising cost of the multisport competitions under the worldwide stage whereby countries pull out of the organization hence causing the current economic hiccups (Harvey et al, 2014, pg.173).In many countries, the potential benefits of hosting these events does not outweigh the costs of hosting the same. Good examples of such cases include the one for Guadalajara, Mexico whereby the country hosted the 2017 FINA global aquatic championships and after that facing much economic crisis. The 2019 edition of the same championships is under questioning since the government of Gwangju city withdrew its financial aid (Lynch Jensen, 2013 pg. 197).On another different but as well a comparable scale, a study that was conducted just after the 2014 commonwealth games in Glasgow showed that in total the games plo ughed back about 1.1 which is about $ 1.2 billion, that amount in the nationals gross value of the Scotland country (the host) that amount was just equal to what the cost of any other project could have brought to the nation (Harvey et al., 2014, pg.198). Conclusion Despite the fact that the Commonwealth games for 2018 have a possibility of leaving good business foundations and get back high gains in Gold Coast, the taxpayers will have a hard time in trying to cope up with the increase in taxes and the raised standards of living. At long run, the tourism sector might come to acquire gains, but there is need to put much effort in trying to find new ways of how to get back profits. The government should also cut unnecessary expenditure on the same and allow the small entrepreneurs to maximize their opportunities in the event. The government should also ensure that there is accountability and that the infrastructure that is to be developed is made in the most efficient manner possible. Given that every favorable opportunity for making some more revenue is utilized, there is a possibility of getting some more revenue. Work cited Byrne, C., 2014. Relationship of reasonableness? The ambassadorial communication in the midst of the Commonwealth Games Confederacy and Commonwealth Games have nation 15(4), pp.1303-1325. Chappelet, J.L., 2012. Gigantic sporting event treasures: a multi-layered concept. 34, p.45. Harris, R., 2013. An Investigation of the Association between Large-Scale Sporting Proceedings and Schooling for Maintainable Progress: The Situation of Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games. The International periodical of the History of Sport, 23(13), p.3017-3047. Harvey, J., Eime, R. and Payne, W., 2014. Competence of the 2018 Commonwealth Games, 61(7), p.1514. Lynch, P.G., and Jensen, R.C., 2013. The financial outcomes of XII Commonwealth Games in the Brisbane territory. City Policy and Investigation, 5 (9), pp.32-52. Mules, T., 2013. Taxpayer grants for chief sporting occasions. Sports Administration Appraisal, 4(8), pp.34-78. Preuss, H., 2014. The money related result of guests at major multi-sports occasions. European SportsAdministration Trimestral, 6(3), pp. 432-476. Wicker, P. and Sotiriadou, P., 2013. The Trickle-Down Consequence: what people bunches pick up from holding sporting games occasions? International Periodical of Event Organization Research,6(4), pp.45-63.

National Security free essay sample

The National Security Agency has released a statement saying that nothing could be more Democratic than spying on everyone because they â€Å"may need some information for national security† so they â€Å"may as well just spy on everyone.† The NSA explained that â€Å"because people are afraid that they are being singled out by the NSA, the only logical solution is to spy on everyone at all times. We see the problem of profiling people and spying only on people of certain ethnic descents but by spying on everyone equally this will no longer be a problem†. They went on to explain that â€Å"this is an issue of national security so the freedom of the American people will have to take a backseat†. They did however say that they would prefer to not have to spy on citizens but feel that it is necessary for national security. Many citizens were not surprised by this statement. We will write a custom essay sample on National Security or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Group GCE (Government Conspiracies Exist) said they have known about the spying for years and are not surprised about the new lengths that the NSA are taking, to know everything that happens to everyone. A member of GCE said of the statement, â€Å"We are stunned by how open the NSA is being about this extended effort to watch over us and feel it is bitter sweet After all, if they tell us what they are doing to take away our freedom, it is no longer a conspiracy. I am going to have to find a new hobby.† I personally see a very simple solution to make all of this spying unnecessary. If all the citizens just accepted that this will happen and gave the government permission to watch them constantly, then the NSA wouldn’t be put through this moral quandary. By giving the government permission to watch everyone, the concerns about one group being singled out would be resolved, and the government could watch us constantly without any moral dilemma. I would go so far as to suggest that the citizens should help the government watch them. If every person in the country simply wore a camera at all times that would record everything they did then the government wouldn’t have to waste so much time secretly watching people. They could focus on the endless information they are receiving rather than pretending that they are not watching citizens. I can’t see why anyone would object to this plan. After all, the only possible reason to not want to be watched is because you have something to hide. What other reason could there be? This new plan from the NSA to watch everyone at all times seems, to me, to be a fantastic way of keeping citizens safe; however, I do realize that some people have a problem with being watched over by the government. These people might say things like, â€Å"We are losing our freedom,† â€Å"This is a violation of our rights,† â€Å"Is our freedom an acceptable price to pay for security?† and other minor complaints about the system. I think that these people and indeed everyone should be thanking the government for taking such a concern in our personal lives that they are willing to spend millions of our tax dollars to watch over us and make sure we are always safe. They have thousands of programs they could be putting our taxes and china’s money into (Medicare, Social Security, ect.) but those programs only help small groups of the population like the poor, sick and elderly. It is far more important that the government monitors our lives before these â⠂¬Å"small† groups get help with their â€Å"minor† problems. I know I will sleep easier at night now that I know the government will be standing over me, watching†¦ for my safety.

Metropolitan Museum of Art Research Paper essays

Metropolitan Museum of Art Research Paper essays During my trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, I observed many interesting paintings, sculptures, and artifacts. The two exhibits I chose to do my report on were "Anonymous Official," from the thirteenth dynasty in Egypt, (1783 B.C.), and "Head from a Herm" from the early Greek civilization, ( first quarter of the fifth century). (The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide, Howard, pg. 306) I chose these two particular exhibits because of their faces. The way the human face is portrayed is an excellent way to figure out how humans were perceived in these specific time periods. You can compare the two different faces from the two different time periods, and compare and contrast the two time periods. The Egyptian and the Greek time periods were, to me, the most interesting of all the others we have studied. Many of the philosophies and governmental policies that were used then are still used today. The Greeks had first used democracy, and the Egyptians believed in monotheism, which is the belief that there is only one god, which many Americans believe today. While we may have adopted beliefs and governmental policies from these time periods, they were very different from each other. The way that the two civilizations classify their leaders is a good example. The sculpture of "Anonymous Official" is the upper torso of an Egyptian man. This man's face has deep facial furrows and almond-shaped eyes. The sculpture also has a straight nose and a narrow chin. These facial features are the way that Egyptians depicted normalcy. There was a second sculpture, identical to the first one that was believed to be a relative of the man because they were found together and they looked so very similar. The Egyptians were a very isolated culture. They did not like foreigners to impede on their land. The Egyptian rule was broken down into three subdivisions of time. The first was the Old Kingdom (3000-2155 B.C.), followed by the Middle...

Free Essays on Laws

Why People Obey the Law By Tom Tyler The main question addressed in Tom Tyler’s essay is, obviously, â€Å"Why do people obey laws?†. The essay tackles two main reasons. These include social relations and normative values. Social relations refers to the way social groups influence people. They do so through rewarding and punishing members of their group â€Å"either by withholding or conferring signs of group status and respect, or more directly by channeling material resources toward or away from particular members (475).† Also included in social relations is the fact that people do not commit crimes because their family and friends would look down upon them if they did. Second, a person’s normative values include â€Å"the sense of what is right or appropriate (475)† to that individual. These are sometimes referred to as internalized obligations. Internalized obligations are two-fold; first is personal morality and second is legitimacy. Personal morality has to do with a person’s compliance to laws due to the knowledge of right and wrong. The essay contributes compliance to the second part of internalized obligation: legitimacy. Legitimacy, according to Tyler, â€Å"is regarded as a reservoir of loyalty on which leaders can draw, giving them the discretionary authority they require to govern effectively†¦(477).† Legitimacy has three possible objects including authorities, the regime, and the community. Cooperation with those in power is legitimacy of authorities. Legitimacy of regime is the support of institutions. When an authority belongs to a certain social group, that social group will view that authority as â€Å"one of them† and therefore that authority will have legitimacy of that social community. A study was done in Chicago that focused on why people obey the laws. First of all, it found that legitimacy does influence compliance to laws. The study found â€Å"that normative concerns are an ... Free Essays on Laws Free Essays on Laws Why People Obey the Law By Tom Tyler The main question addressed in Tom Tyler’s essay is, obviously, â€Å"Why do people obey laws?†. The essay tackles two main reasons. These include social relations and normative values. Social relations refers to the way social groups influence people. They do so through rewarding and punishing members of their group â€Å"either by withholding or conferring signs of group status and respect, or more directly by channeling material resources toward or away from particular members (475).† Also included in social relations is the fact that people do not commit crimes because their family and friends would look down upon them if they did. Second, a person’s normative values include â€Å"the sense of what is right or appropriate (475)† to that individual. These are sometimes referred to as internalized obligations. Internalized obligations are two-fold; first is personal morality and second is legitimacy. Personal morality has to do with a person’s compliance to laws due to the knowledge of right and wrong. The essay contributes compliance to the second part of internalized obligation: legitimacy. Legitimacy, according to Tyler, â€Å"is regarded as a reservoir of loyalty on which leaders can draw, giving them the discretionary authority they require to govern effectively†¦(477).† Legitimacy has three possible objects including authorities, the regime, and the community. Cooperation with those in power is legitimacy of authorities. Legitimacy of regime is the support of institutions. When an authority belongs to a certain social group, that social group will view that authority as â€Å"one of them† and therefore that authority will have legitimacy of that social community. A study was done in Chicago that focused on why people obey the laws. First of all, it found that legitimacy does influence compliance to laws. The study found â€Å"that normative concerns are an ...

Marketing Campaign & Strategic Planning Assignment

Marketing Campaign & Strategic Planning - Assignment Example Once the customer is loyal to a company then an imaginary contract is signed between the company and the customer which becomes hard to break. A loyal customer will be hard for the other companies to influence and in this way loyalty will act as a revenue sustaining agent for the company. Another major benefit of satisfied customers is that they become an un-paid marketing agents for the company’s brand, as they are unintentionally carrying out a word of mouth campaign for the company which further gives a boost to the sales of the company. It is true that a satisfied customer increase the profitability of a company, but a dissatisfied customer decreases it by two folds. It is important for a company to pay special attention to what the customers wants rather than giving them something they hardly value. A dissatisfied customer will always share his/her poor experience with others which will further hurt the brand name. According to an article of customer service facts, a happy customer will share his/her experience with 4-6 people however a dissatisfied customer will tell it to 9-15 people. (Customer Satisfaction Facts) In this way a bad experience of one customer can take away 9-15 possible customers. This high risk of bad mouthing of a dissatisfied customer increases the marketing costs of the company which in the struggle to regain the initial position runs heavy advertisements and promotions to re-capture the place in the customers mind. (Richins et al

Why i want to be a nurse and my plan for the future in nursing Essay

Why i want to be a nurse and my plan for the future in nursing - Essay Example Nursing is an extensive professional field. It therefore calls for intensive understanding and acquisition of knowledge on protecting, promoting and optimizing human health and offering care to needy individuals and communities, which the American Nurses Association, ANA (2014) documents as the core function of the profession. As a practicing registered nurse, Empire State College provides the perfect placement because it not only provides the opportunity to acquire such knowledge but also provides the flexibility of enrolling for part-time, online or face-to-face courses. I aim at advancing my nursing skills and have thus set my professional goals at further developing my understanding of nursing practice and critical thinking skills. This is in line with the BSN program mission that promotes the advancement of education among RNs to enable them provide comprehensive and evidence-based nursing care. This course would also pave way for my advancement into leadership position in this career. I appreciate that leadership in nursing is a critical role that calls for endowment with the requisite knowledge to promptly make decisive decisions. BSN would therefore ensure that I am well equipped for this

Maintaining Systems & Upgrades Essay Example for Free

Maintaining Systems Upgrades Essay Utility software are computer programs designed to manage and tune up the computer OS and hardware. They prevent or reduce problems by diagnosing and correcting the faults before it gets worse. Some of the main utility programs are described below: Disk De-Fragmenter A de-fragmenter scans for fragmented computer files and move them together to increase efficiency. It reduces the amount of fragmented files in a computer system. It tidies up the hard-drive reusing the space more efficiently after a disk cleanup. Defragmentation’s result will be the best if it’s carried out after a disk cleanup, as all the unwanted files will be deleted. The application can be loaded from the control panel or from All programs/Accessories/System Utilities from the Start Menu. Clicking on the Analyse button on the application window shows the estimated disk usage after defragmentation. We can then choose to defragment the disk by clicking on the Defragment button. Screen shots of the defragmentation process are displayed below: image00. png image01. png The screen shot above shows the result of the process. Antivirus Antivirus software prevents and removes Viruses, Worms and Trojans from the computer. Most of the antivirus software comes with built in spyware, adware and malware removal tools. Antivirus software uses different methods to detect viruses; Signature based detection, Malicious activity detection and Heuristic based detection. Signature based detection is the most common way of antivirus and other malware detection. The software traces the virus by spotting the signature. The software manufactures collect profiles and signature information of the virus in the form of DAT files. These files will be downloaded by the antivirus software through updates and will be used to detect new malwares. This makes it essential to keep the antivirus software up-to-date and to run virus scans periodically. Firewall Firewall is a utility designed to prevent unauthorised access to from a private network. It prevents unauthorised internet users from accessing private networks connected to the internet. All the packet data entering and leaving the computer is examined when it passes through the firewall and will be blocked if the packet data do not meet the security criteria. Firewalls build a protective environment around computers that are connected to a network. Firewall uses four different types of techniques to block unauthorised access. They are: Packet Filter : Packet filter scans each packet of data entering or leaving a network and block them if they are not based on the user-defined rules. This kind of filtering is an effective method to prevent unauthorised access. Application Gateway : Application gateway applies security measures to applications like FTP and Telnet Servers. This is another effective firewall technique, but it really affects the performance of the network. Circuit-Level Gateway: Circuit-level Gateway applies mechanisms when a TCP connection is established. Once the connection is made packets can flow between hosts without further checking. Proxy Server : This technique is used to intercept all messages entering and leaving the network. The proxy server hides the real network address. Formatting Formatting is the process of preparing a hard disk or a storage medium to store data. Formatting a disk involves two major process: High Level formatting and Low Level formatting. Physical formatting(low-level) Low-level formatting is the process of outlining the position of tracks and sector on hard-drives and other storage media. All the data in a drive will be lost permanently after a low-level formatting is done. A low-level formatting is generally done by the BIOS rather than the Operating System. Logical formatting (high-level) High-level formatting is the process of setting up an empty file system on the disk and installing a boot sector. As this process takes only a little time it is commonly known as Quick Format. In this process the disk also have the option to scan the entire disk for potential defects which may take several hours depending on the size of the medium. Below is a screen shot of a Quick Formatting.image02. png Disk Cleanup The Disk Cleanup tool helps to free up space on the hard disk by searching disk for files that can safely delete. You can choose to delete some or all of the files. Disk cleanup tool can be used to perform the following task to free up space in a hard-drive. Remove temporary Internet files. Remove downloaded program files. For example, ActiveX controls and Java applets that are downloaded from the Internet. Empty the Recycle Bin. Remove Windows temporary files. Remove optional Windows components that you are not using. Remove installed programs that you no longer use.

Jurassic Park :: essays research papers

Mr. Spielburg,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While your movies Jurassic Park and The Lost World are entertaining, they are not accurate portrayals of the ecosystem in the Jurassic period. Through close examination of the animal and plant life in your movies, my high school environmental geology class has come to the decision that your movies are typical misleading Hollywood fabrications of historical data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our most outstanding concern is that out of the eleven varied species of dinosaurs in both of your movies, only four were actually from the Jurassic period. One would think that if an amusement park that was centered around a specific time frame such as the Jurassic period would have animals and plants from that period; however, in your movies you have placed plants and animals from the Cretaceous period in a park named Jurassic. This would not be a big deal if the two periods were not separated by millions of years, but how could two ecosystems separated by millions of years be expected to coexist. We see this not as creative fiction, but as an inane idea that drastically diminishes the character of your multimillion dollar movies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We feel that in the two movies both you and your team of special effect artists went a little overboard. It seems to us that you cared more about getting a little thrill out of the audience and raking in viewers money rather than caring for their intellectual welfare. Where on earth was the idea thought up that if something did not move then it could not get attacked by a Tyrannosaurus Rex. There is no way to tell how an animal that has been extinct for millions of years processed the images that it saw, and how do you explain the paradox that you create with the Tyrannosaurus between the first and second movies. In the first movie a T-Rex is nose to nose with humans and does not acknowledge their presence, but in the second movie it is stated that the T- Rex has a sensory cavity that can track prey from miles away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You seem to have also overlooked the weights of the dinosaurs in order to make the movie more dramatic. We agree with you that if a seven ton T-Rex was walking beside a puddle of water then it would make ripples in the water and the ground would shake a little especially if the T-Rex was running at its top speed of 35 miles per hour, but what about the Brachiosaurs? A full grown Brachiosaur weighed between 85 and 112 tons, yet in the movies they hardly made an impact when they moved.

Technology and Modern World

Technology is currently taking over our modern world. Just a few years ago flying cars was something we only saw in a futuristic universe on a movie screen, but now, technology like this seems to be right around the corner for society. We are constantly advancing our technology to cater to our wants and needs. We are gaining more and more knowledge as we advance and move forward with technology. Even children are becoming smarter from this technology, but would anyone ever guess this could be because of video games? Studies show that video games could improve a person's intelligence and possibly lead to the solving of some of the world's problems. Of course, the world's problems today are extremely drastic and complex in today's society, but what if gaming could change all that? According to Jane McGonigal, a game developer, it is far less improbable than it may seem. She believes that gamers can use their creativity and ideas to change and possibly save the planet. McGonigal's work was deemed as one of the â€Å"Top 20 Breakthrough Ideas† by HBR as well as â€Å"#1 Bright Idea of the Year† by Brandweek. She has worked hard on discovering ways in which to prove this topics importance. At the World Innovation Forum in 2012 she spoke of her innovative idea, she stated that there are one billion people that play games for at least an hour a day and gave valid statistics of the popularity of certain games. This shows the large amount of people with very creative capabilities in the world today, including young children. Gamers are proven to be capable of solving real world problems easier than those who neglect the hobby. Overall, gaming is deemed important and several studies show that gamers could lead to solving the world's problems with their ideas and inventions in the future. The Book â€Å"Can Digital Games Help Seniors Improve their Quality of Life?† by Sauvà © L., Renaud L., Kaufman D. and Duplà  a E. provides information how not only children, but it is proven that already full-grown adults can learn and play digital games that could possibly influence both their health condition and their ability to carry on activities in their environment. The study that was provided with this idea consists of a goal to explore and define the user requirements for developing digital games of learning among older Europeans. This focused mainly on types of learning games, motivational and social aspects, and the preferences and views people may have on game controllers. An experiment was performed in the initial stage which included a qualitive focus group study of people in the countries of Spain, The Netherlands, and Greece. In this group games existing in the market and others that were developed and created as other European Commission projects were also included and presented to them. Both games were presented on video presentations and there was a possibility that some of these games were also provided to be able to be tested out as well. From this experiment, it was found that the causes or main keys to adults desiring to play these digital games was challenge, fun, escape from daily routine, socialization and the providing of learning opportunities. These learning opportunities and attractive qualities to these games could lead to better creative thinking and the more they are played due to their addictive qualities, the better thinkers these gamers become. These game users describe themselves with characteristics such as active and participating in many leisure activities. This level of activity the subjects describe appeared to be related with the contents which are proposed for videogames such as physical activity, culture, arts, history, geography, traveling, human sciences, daily life skills, etc. This knowledge and information gathered and interpreted from focus groups can and will be used as input for the design of a learning game that will be largely compatible with the needs and abilities of a wide range of the older Europeans. The New York Times wrote an article on the statements and questions of experts who have played the videogames that Americans have spent ten thousand hours playing by the age of twenty-one. Edward Castronova, a professor of telecommunications at Indiana University, provides information that, â€Å"Gamers are engaged, focused and happy. How many employers wish they could say that about even a tenth of their work force?† Castronova has also studied and designed games online and goes on to state that there are similarities between the activities in games and the activities done at the work place. He states, â€Å"Many activities in games are not very different from work activities. Look at information on a screen, discern immediate objectives, choose what to click and drag.† A well-known and credited game designer and researcher at the Institute for the Future, Jane McGonigal, sums up this new arisen argument in her book, â€Å"Reality is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World.† Her book basically provides the encouragement as well as the persuasion for designers to aim higher with games that could solve scientific problems and possibly promote happiness in daily life.In the way distant past even, the emperor Charlemagne called a scholar who then gathered puzzles and games to challenge the young minds of the century at the time. Even the British during the less distant past credited their victory over Napoleon to the intelligence games played on the fields of Eton. When the time eventually came to the age in which intellectual games went digital the activity was denounced as â€Å"escapism† and an â€Å"addiction.† This was due to the fact that industry's revenues rivaled Hollywood's at the time. This time was also when children and adults gradually started to become more and more absorbed in these games and soon they even forsook television. This caused for gaming's unhealthy and troublesome reputation that has carried on over through the years, even up to present day. But meanwhile, at this time a group of researchers seemed to be more interested and occupied in understanding why players had become this focused and absorbed into the games they played in the first place. Gamers seemed to be achieving a certain state of â€Å"flow† that psychologists had used to describe championship athletes as well as master musicians. Except with gamers, this flow did not take years of training to accomplish. Nicole Lazzaro, game-design consultant and president of XEODesign, conducted an experiment or study in which she recorded the faces of those who were playing video games to take note of their facial expressions. She also planned to interview the gamer as well as their family and friends to find the important and crucial factors provided within a good game. â€Å"Hard fun† was a factor that was said to be important to be included in an entertaining game. â€Å"Hard fun† is described by Ms. Lazzaro as conquering and surpassing obstacles to reach an end goal. Even games and puzzles of older design had this attractive factor to them that gamers enjoyed. But the difference is that with video games, they now provide instant feedback and continual encouragement from the technology used, as well as fellow gamers. Most games provide video gamers with rewards using a steady and constant system throughout the entirety of the experience. As they progress in gaining more points and reaching higher levels, the challenges faced increase in difficulty as the players experience with the game as well as their skill with it increases. This causes for motivation and determination to defeat and progress the game despite the repetitive failing included in the experience. Dr. McGonigal has worked constantly on using this feeling and vibe from games for good in the real world. She has designed Cruel 2 B Kind. This is a game in which players advance by being nice and showing kindness to strangers located in public places. It has been played in more than 50 cities on four continents and has only had a positive impact overall. There are also other games and websites like Cruel 2 B Kind that improve peoples mood as well as actions and interactions with others. There is a massive number of positives to video gaming as well as this type of interaction that occurs between people. As we improve our technology further we are also improving the quality of video games and their positive influences and impacts on not only children, but adults as well. Hopefully as we continue to progress, the purposes of video games will contain more importance as well as unique and critical lessons and knowledge for all. But for now, video games are positively and greatly affecting our world and will hopefully continue doing so for generations to come.

A view from the bridge †Arthur Miller Essay

When Marco and Rodolfo appear in Catherine’s life, she matures very quickly, perhaps making up for the time lost when Eddie kept her at home as a baby as Beatrice says: â€Å"Well, you kept her a baby, you wouldn’t let her go out†. Beatrice is urging Catherine to grow up and, as if she suspects some of Eddie’s feelings for her niece, points out to her the ways in which she should act around the house: â€Å"you still walk around in front of him in your slip †¦ or like you sit on the edge of the bathtub talkin’ to him when he’s shavin’ in his underwear †¦ if you act like a baby he be treatin’ you like a baby†. When Catherine falls in love with Rodolfo, her love for Eddie is split and she is confused. Eddie does not help his situation by being so stubborn about not allowing Catherine to grow up. She detaches herself from him and although she still loves him as a father figure, she does not seem to trust him anymore: she does not tell him about the wedding between her and Rodolfo – Beatrice does: â€Å"they’re going to get married next week, Eddie†. Beatrice is affected by the arrival of her cousins in her state of mind. The audience find out that she and Eddie are having marital problems: â€Å"It’s almost three months you don’t feel good; they’re only here a couple of weeks† and although they guess that it is to do with Catherine, they do not know whether of not Beatrice does. It is not until the end that the audience find out that Beatrice knows about Eddie’s feelings for Catherine although in hindsight, Beatrice could have been urging Catherine to grow up because she guessed Eddie’s flaw. It is at the end when it is finally said out loud â€Å"You want somethin’ else, Eddie, and you can’t have her! † when the audience finds out about Beatrice knowing and through this, she gains the audience’s sympathy because she has had to carry around this awful secret showing how loyal to her husband she has been by hardly mentioning it. Beatrice is also worn down by having to keep peace between her niece and husband. She desperately wants them to be friends and as happy as they were before with no secrets or lies â€Å"she wants to ask you. Come on, Katie, ask him. We’ll have a party! What’re we gonna do, hate each other? â€Å". Beatrice’s cousins end up wearing her out as she tries to hold her family together despite all of the hatred and love going on around her. When Marco and Rodolfo first arrive at the Carbone household, they are grateful to Eddie for letting them stay and they are willing to do as he tells them: â€Å"I want to tell you now Eddie – when you say go, we will go†. They greatly respect Eddie and are willing to do all he says like when Rodolfo’s singing is making Eddie uneasy, Marco tells Rodolfo firmly â€Å"You’ll be quiet Rodolfo† obeying Eddie’s commands. They are grateful towards Eddie because he is keeping them and hiding them as they are illegal immigrants into America. Eddie is very overprotective of Catherine and when she and Rodolfo start going out with each other, he is annoyed that firstly Rodolfo did not ask his permission to do so, as would have been the custom in Sicily, and secondly that they stayed out late which infuriated him † I don’t want you hangin’ around Times Square, see? â€Å". As her guardian, Eddie expects to oversee all of her movements. Marco is eager to please Eddie and tries to ensure that his brother does not overstep the mark in this new culture. When Eddie decides to teach Rodolfo to fight and hits him, Marco is keen to show that although his brother might not be very good at defending himself, the strength which Marco possesses is more than enough to beat Eddie. The audience learns this through actions which are dictated in the stage directions at the end of Act One: â€Å"He kneels, grasps, and with strain slowly raises the chair higher and higher †¦ a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head†. Marco does not strike Eddie at this time because he still has respect for him. Despite this show of aggression, it does not stop Rodolfo continuing to go out with Catherine and pursuing the ‘American Dream’. Eddie does not believe that Rodolfo has genuine, sincere feelings for Catherine and just wants to marry her to obtain an American Passport. He counteracts this theory by saying to Catherine â€Å"You think I would carry on my back the rest of my life a woman I didn’t love just to be an American? â€Å". Eddie ends up betraying Rodolfo and Marco to the immigration office because of his jealousy and obsessiveness about Catherine. He does not realise these are the reasons though: he just wants to â€Å"protect† Catherine. His betrayal of Beatrice’s cousins is Eddie’s tragic downfall which links back to the classical tragedies. Eddie wants justice as he does not believe that Rodolfo is marrying Catherine for love but cannot prove it. It is because of this that he betrays Marco and Rodolfo in another way, he betrays their trust. The irony of the matter is that Eddie is not satisfied with the American way of justice: â€Å"you mean to tell me that there’s no law that a guy which he ain’t right can go to work and marry a girl and -â€Å". Marco does not believe in the American law either, he would rather get revenge himself than let the law do it or others for him as can be seen at the end of the play when Marco fights Eddie. In Marco’s eyes, by betraying him, Eddie has killed his family as their only source of income to buy food was through him. Eddie did not uphold the family loyalty and in that has broken the laws of family honour, a law stronger than the laws of the country in Marco’s eyes so therefore the punishment should be as heavy as the crime committed. Marco does not believe that American justice is forceful enough for the crimes committed, Miller has ironically made both Marco’s and Eddie’s view about American justice the same. Miller makes the audience have to think about which is the worse crime, being an illegal immigrant or cutting the lifeline of a whole family as Eddie did. The protagonist, Eddie, suffers a downfall at the end of the play: he is killed. This downfall is directly related to his flaw, his jealousy and love of Catherine, and, before he is killed, looses his reputation. As Marco and Rodolfo are taken away by the immigration officers, Marco spits in Eddie’s face and announces to the whole street what has been done and that he â€Å"stole the food from my children†. Eddie, although he does not deny it, he defies the claims saying â€Å"I gave them the blankets off my bed, six months I kept them as my brothers†: he is trying to prove to the crowd that he has no cause to betray the brothers and he is counting on his honest reputation to see him through and to have others believe him. When they don’t, he feels ruined and all he wants is his reputation back: the only way to do that is to â€Å"give it back to me in front of this neighbourhood, or we have it out†. Eddie has lost everything from this and just wants his dignity back but Marco does not give that to him either, he kills him and justice is done, the Sicilian way. Tragic climax in the play supported the themes raised throughout the play. There is a sense of climax at the point in the play where Eddie comes home drunk to find Catherine and Rodolfo in the bedroom together and he ends up kissing Rodolfo. This part of the play is following the theme of love, for Catherine, and jealousy on Eddie’s part of Rodolfo. The pace at this point of the play is fast and, although there is the sense of inevitability, the audience is taken by surprise by the twists and turns the play takes. The audience are shocked when Beatrice points out to Eddie and the audience his tragic flaw but because of the fast pace, there is no time for the audience or characters to dwell on the matter because then Marco arrives. With his arrival, anger flows freely between him and Eddie and neither tries to hide it. Eddie makes out how he has been victimised and asks the people in a sarcastic way â€Å"maybe he come to apologize to me†. The audience does not find out why Marco came back but at that time it is not really relevant. The focus is on Eddie and the audience realises that this is the climax the entire play has been building up to: the tragic end that has been inevitable since Alfieri’s first speech. The audience is tense and need the fast pace to feed their interest about what is going to happen next. The ironic death at the end: Eddie killed by his own hand and weapon makes the audience see that Eddie’s flaw has brought all this on himself. At the end of the play, there is a feeling of justice and revenge in the air, linking back to the tragic themes again, also, obviously, death. At the very end of the play, Alfieri makes a closing speech summarising and creating an affect of catharsis leaving the audience calm instead of tense, the effect of the ending if Alfieri had not concluded. The context of the play works as a tragedy because of the cultural backgrounds of the characters and their way of life. Alfieri has cleverly picked a culture that still runs as the Greeks did with high standards to live up to and strong family values. By using Alfieri as a modern day chorus, Miller mirrors a classical tragedy set-up keeping the audience informed and creating the element of predestination. By using a modern context, Miller has shown the audience that theories on honour and respect have not changed much since the Greeks. Alfieri’s message at the end of the play to the audience is that the truth should always be told. It shows that although Eddie did not know his feelings for Catherine, someone could have told him and the problem could have been sorted. If people had talked more to each other and instead of fighting about everything, just talked, maybe the whole thing could have been resolved.

Critical Analysis of Leadership Capabilities The WritePass Journal

Critical Analysis of Leadership Capabilities Introduction Critical Analysis of Leadership Capabilities Introduction Life and careerPersonal lifeIndira Attaining IndependenceIndira in PoliticsIndira’s Development in PoliticsIndira Gandhi as Prime MinisterThe Rise and Downfall of Indira GandhiConclusion ReferencesRelated Introduction Indira Gandhi is the Indias only female prime minister to date, she remains the worlds longest serving female Prime Minister. She is the only daughter of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and kamala Nehru People loved Indira due to her ‘charmless, sincerity, intelligence and charisma.’ Life and career Indira Priyadarshini Gandhiwas born on 19 November 1917, in AllahabadIndia. She was the one and only daughter to her parents. She was very traditional, once Gandhi went to meet Indira’s family. Since Gandhi was also a lawyer, he had been returned from South Africa, he had fought against racial discrimination. Hence Indira’s parents and Indira joined politics. Indira grew up in politics like anything, she was inspired by the political atmosphere at home, though she was exposed to politics in the age four and it made the beginning of the family members in the political affairs of the country. Everything was going good but her mother health was very poor, Indira used to take care of her mother like anything, but due to Tuberculosis she died in the year 1936. But Indira was only 18year old at that time. When Indira was three year old, she was joined St. Cicilias private school, after 3 years her parents took her to Switzerland were she got admsission in I’Ecole Novelle. In December 1927, she came back to India and she joined to St.Mary’s convent in Allahabad, though she was very young she took active part in the Freedom struggle. In May 1931, she was admitted to Jahangir vakil’s public school, in Poona she cleared her matriculation examination in that school in the year 1934 April Again from July 1934 to April 1935 she studied in vishwa bharathi shanthinikethan. She was greatly influenced by the poet Rabindranath Tagore. In 1936, February 28th, Indira Gandhi mother expired, and then Nehru took her to England and admitted her in badminton school Bristol. In 1938, she took university of oxford entrance examination but for her there was no luck and she got failed in examination after clearing the examination Indira joined to Somerville college, oxford in the year 1938, February. In the same year and time she met Harold Laski and she became member of the Indian national congress. When she was 12 years, she joined to politics to learn the power of politics. They did not that when at what time they would arrest them or search of Homes due to the time of British Imperialism. They were about to find out when can this occur, Indira claimed and she thought of an idea. Indira made her job very sincerely and seriously. One day Indira went to meet the congress top officers, who were organizing a civil disobedience movement, though the meeting was finished the documents were kept in the car safely at the back seat. She was supposed to leave the area the police inspector rushed and made her to stop the car to search. Indira was in very urgent that she did not leave the police to inspect the car; she told I have to go arrive at the school, since it is already late, I have to reach there. Hence policeman did not search Indira’s car, trust on her and sent her from that place. When Indira Gandhi was born, she was been loved by each and every person of her family. She is being the one and only daughter of the family members. Many of her family members sent a Telegram that new soul of India is born, Congratulations. After this Indira Gandhi was given the nick name Indu by her father. She was brought up like a princess doll; she used to play with the expensive toys. Many incidents have been occurred in Indira Gandhi’s life which left a great impact on her. Once such incident was, Motilal and Nehru were arrested and were fined some amount of five hundred rupees; because of many problems they did not pay the fine. At that time, Indira was very young aged, she felt bad and helpless, and she started to fight with the police. This entire incident made Indira to fight the evil in future also. One day Indira Gandhi was playing with her loving doll, where she was emotionally attached to it, because of some reasons she burned her doll; she was very much depressed, after some time she contributed to the great cause of Freedom. Since Indira Gandhi was wearing lonely foreign clothes, as that were the elders of the family members were she always used to wear suit; one day Mahatma Gandhi gave a call to stop foreign goods, Hence Indira Gandhi stopped wearing foreign clothes.   The dressing sense of Indira Gandhi made dedication towards Indian Country Indira Gandhi’s childhood was very unique, she used to keep always lone, her father used to stay in prison many times and her mother very ill since the loneliness become here one of the part of life.   This loneliness made her to love and make friend with Feroze Gandhi. Feroze Gandhi was very friendly with Indira Gandhi days went he proposed her when she was sixteen year old.   She went to join shanthinikethan founded by famous Nobel poet Rabindra Nath Tagore. There she became very much popular among the students welfare society, she was considered as an asset to the shanthinikethan. Personal life Indira Gandhi’s mother expired, after that she went to England to learn classics. There she saw Feroze Gandhi and both became friends, after some time their friendship turned into deep love. She agreed to Feroze Gandhi, but her father abused her selection as Feroze Gandhi was a Parsi. Later, Jawaharlal Nehru agreed for their marriage, though Indira was stubborn and marriage between those two made much controversy. They got married on March 16, 1942 on Ramanavami day.   Soon after their marriage, they two were arrested in connection with a Quit movement, but Indira Gandhi was treated very badly in the prison, this made her physically and mentally strong.   After a month, Indira was released, one year later Feroze was released.   After release of Feroze Gandhi, he started working in the national Herald newspaper as an Editor.   At that timer Jawaharlal Nehru was the current prime minister, but Indira was the backbone to her father.   She was use to assist and she was w orking as a principal. Feroze Gandhi also joined politics, he got a name and fame in the parliament, he stood for elections he did not take any of the support from Nehru, he made a separate party and he was one in the general election. He was elected and chooses to live separately in New Delhi. In 1944, August 20th Indira’s first son was born when her father was in jail, she sent a telegram that the first grand son is born and asked to choose a name for his grandson. Jawaharalal Nehru chooses Raju, Indira added another name Ratna. The full name was Raju Ratna Gandhi he became popular as Rajiv Gandhi. In the year 1947, Hindu and Muslim communities took part in the transfer of power took place since none of the congress party were ready to accept the portioning of the country. But on August 15, 1947 India and Pakistan came into existence. At his time Indira got second son, named Sanjay Gandhi Indira Attaining Independence On August 15, 1947 mid-night, India got Independence. Mahatma Gandhi said to Indira to work towards affected areas, but Indira did not say no.   Though she was having two small kids, she worked hard day and night in the hit areas.   From childhood, she had an innate desire to meet and greet the people, explore the arts and investigate a life.   When Jawaharlal Nehru became Prime minister, she went to Delhi to assist her father but at that time Feroze had become Member of Parliament.   She had to take care of two kids and her husband and also she used to work hard, she was daring and bold lady.   She worked very hard for the child welfare and she was involved in many communities. Indira in Politics In the year 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was died were Indira was so much attached to Mahatma Gandhi   she followed all his rules and regulation, since she was quite close to him, from early days. On 1950, January 26thIndia got democratic republic and the Indian constitution was adopted. Jawaharalal was to control, authority and diligence. She was the member of UNESCO. The executive board name union’s nation Educational, scientific and cultural organization.   This was a great opportunity for her to meet the foreign country peoples. Her whole life was shaped with political influences from her father; he used to support her in all sorts of activities and her husband Feroze used to support her always to participate in the political activities. She got impressed by her Father’s achievements, she was going to different places and she got a good background, she became the member of congress, working committee in February 1995, she got herself involved in politics. In the year 1959, February 2nd she was elected as the President of Indian National Congress. Indira as a President she showed courage and proved herself, after sometime she dismissed the Kerala Government but her father used to impose President Rule in Kerala.   After sometime the entire Kerala ministry was dismissed and fresh elections were made in 1960.   Indira Gandhi worked a lot this made her father to feel proud of her, â€Å"I am proud of her good nature, her energy, courage, boldness, willingness to work for the country, Integrity and Truthfulness†.   Due to poor health her husband Feroze Gandhi suddenly died in the year 1960, which was the great loss to her, she suffered a lot; her whole life was shaken when her husband was expired as she was attached to her husband very much.   She took some time and came out, she made herself busy in politics, and day by day she made her mind strong. Her will power and Fearlessness and confidence made her works.   After th is she travelled to various countries in the year 1961. In the year 1962, Chinese attacked India.   Defense minister Krishna Menno worked very much hard to boost the armed forces; slowly his Health started declining his popularity. In the year 1964 May 27th Jawaharalal Nehru passed away, it was on very bad incident, which was a great loss to Indira and to the Indian country. His death caused a vacuum in India and in other countries also for with the Nehru working way. Indira Gandhi had no more guide or philosopher, because everything was her Father. She had only two sons left, she was found of them, her mad time for them, she firmly believed that and quality time was much more Important than the quantity time. She guided her sons, with a sense of security, as another she motivated her sons, guided thought them good manners, self respect, and self discipline and strengthen their character, with love. Children grew up in different personalities like that sanjay and Raju Gandhi also gowned. Where sanjay was bold and daring, but Rajiv was shy and bit feared as Indira childhood was lonely, she was determined to give affection and love, as they grew older, they were sent to a boarding at Dehradun. Indira’s Development in Politics After Jawaharlal Nehru expired in 1964, the next prime minister was Lal Bahadur Shastri, he was sincere man with an right politics.   In the year 1965 September, Pakistan attacked India and it lasted for 22 days continuously.   During this war Indira sent a more soldiers.   There again election took place, there was only choice, after Shashtri, so she was elected for the Congress Parliamentary party. Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister Indira was the first woman to become the Prime minister of India, she accepted in whole heartedly in the honor by politicians, diplomats.   Her confidence level, her will power made her to grow in politics, she kept going on and on the moral strength willingness to work all made her to work throughout her life, she had also energy in her, when she became prime minister, she made her role clearly and in confidence.   She used to think all are equal, no caste or no religion nothing all are equal, all citizens who belongs to an Indian Constitution are equal without making separate all sex, languages, state are equal to me.   I am just an Indian to serve the country. When Indira became prime minister, India got twenty year Independence; she made it very much clear that, everyone has to work independently without laziness. Indira was going very crucial at that phase. There was no power generation, irrigation, agriculture, education, proper food to the people, and also no improvement in any field there was an economic crisis occurred. In India’s period there was a lot of poverty, she took loan in commercialized Bank, and she explained the necessity to the people. By taking bank loans the small farmers, the cottage industries, the small entrepreneurs and self employed were greatly benefited. Indira Gandhi granted statehood to Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura. Not only had these she still taken still more daring decisions.   Soon after becoming the prime minister, she travelled widely to many countries like France, USE, UK and UAE. These trips made her very clear to make the India’s position, to bring it to the top place. In the year 1969, VV Giri won and emerged as the fourth president of the Republic of India. Earlier our nations were divided into more than 500 states. Indira gave much Importance to science and technology, in upgrading the deference machinery. She was very much in favor of using nuclear energy and it was against the misuse of science.   Science is culture, it is been brought in better life.   If we use more science, until earn a lots of money.   The peoples are using science for their own purpose.   Using the nuclear power nuclear science was launching of India’s first space satellite â€Å"Aryabhatta†. In India ISRO was launched on April 19, 1975. In 1977, India’s second earth satellite communication station was inaugurated by Indira Gandhi.In1980, the second experimental satellite launch vehicle SLV-3 in 1977. The Rise and Downfall of Indira Gandhi When Indira was four year old, her Father and Grandfather were in jail due to some political activities. And the Jail became a part of her life. The downfall of Indira Gandhi began after India won the war against Pakistan in 1971. The Allahabad High Court found Indira Gandhi guilty with electoral corruption for the 1971 elections. In 1975, Indira Gandhi called a State of Emergency, in which she ordered the arrest of her opposition, who later joined together and formed the  Janata Party  In 1977, Indira Gandhi and her party,  Indian National Congress, lost the election to the Janata Party. After the elections, Gandhi found herself without work, income or residence. On 12 June 1975 the  High Court of Allahabad  declared Indira Gandhis election to the  Lok Sabha on grounds of electoral malpractice, in an election petition filed by Raj Narain. The court thus ordered her to be removed from her seat in Parliament and banned from running in elections for six years. In July 1982,  a Sikh group occupied the  Golden Temple.  In response, on 6 June 1984, during one of the holiest Sikh holidays, Indira gave permission for Operation Blue Star, in which the Indian army opened fire, killing a number of Sikhs. The State of Punjab was closed to international media. On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhis Sikh bodyguards, assassinated her with their service weapons in the garden of the Prime Ministers residence. A national nuclear program was started by Gandhi in 1967, in response to the nuclear threat from the Peoples Republic of China. She wanted to establish Indias stability and security interests as independent from those of the nuclear superpowers. In 1974, India successfully conducted an underground nuclear test, near the desert village of  Pokhran  in  Rajasthan. India became the worlds then youngest nuclear  power. Conclusion Being the first woman Prime Minister of India, and an influential leader, in a male-dominated society, Indira Gandhi is a symbol of feminism in India Indira Gandhi, her life started with an unending quest to achieve something as she is been said by someone that â€Å"Great minds have purposes others have wishes†. She was the most dedicated lady having a commendable personality and leadership Qualities. Indira Gandhi Became prime minister and she served for 15 years continuously. As prime minister between 1971 and 1977, two important happenings marked her term as the prime minister. She went around the world to explain the ghastly condition of the refugees. Indira made USA and other countries to understand the tragic and agonizing plight. Indira Gandhi was always in favor of peace. Hence Indira was conferred with Bharat Ratna by the president by VV.Giri in March 1972. Indira’s contributions to the people of India include reservations to the poor people. She used to mingle with the common people without worrying of the castism .She used to believe in secularism, she made herself responsible for the well being of weaker sections, she was the role model to the younger generations. Most of people is steel remembered has indira amma, (amma means mother) because she strangled to get a great scarifies to India and to her respect, in New Delhi the international airport is named as indira Gandhi international airport. References â€Å"URL:http:// www.cncw.com/india/indira.html   (Accessed 3 Nov 1998) â€Å"URL:http:// www.sscnet.ucla.edu./southasia/History/mainhist.html â€Å"nebulasearch.com/encyclopedia/articles/gandhi.html (accessed 30 Jan 2004) Written by Maria ulincy, 1998 last revision: 16 November 2004. URL:http://departments.king.edu/womenshistory/indiragandhi.html1998 Indira Gandhi. A biography series. Published by shree book centre, Mumbai Indira Gandhi Biography series published by Vee Kumar publication (p) Ltd., New Delhi. www.indiragandhi.com www.answers.com 10. Connect.in.com/Indiragandhi/profile-123493.html 11. www.indianchild.com/indiragandhi.html 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi

How to Write a Reflective Essay on Community Service

How to Write a Reflective Essay on Community Service Essay on Community Service How to start How to write a thesis for a reflective essay on community service How to write your introductionn How to construct body paragraphs How to finish your essay Revising your essay Outline sample A reflective essay on community service (Sample) Writing a reflective essay on community service is one of the most fulfilling things you can do in your entire life. It comes with responsibility, goal, and dedication. In writing a reflective paper, first, you have a goal to persuade all of your readers to start doing community service in their own respective community. This might be the most difficult part in composing your essay; thus, you have to be careful and sensitive in placing every detail of your writing. Remember, people can be easily discouraged once they have heard something negative about what you wanted them to do; they can just â€Å"no†, and you can no longer do anything about it. Second, a responsibility which means you can take a stand to whatever things you have talked about in the course of your essay. Keep in mind that you need to write only about things you are familiar with. Do not get us wrong in here, we are not asking you to back-off from taking risks in placing new ideas on your essay you can add things you want but, please, make sure that research was done properly and accordingly. Lastly, as a writer, you should be able to have the dedication. Take notes, put your heart in every sentence, especially when you want to write a perfect essay about community service. So, here are some effective steps for you to use as your guide in writing a reflective essay on community service. How to start As an observation, knowing where to start and how to start a reflective paper is the most difficult part. It is not as easy as you think. In writing a reflective paper on community service, you should be able to know your motivation. Know the roots and how does the concept start. We suggest you do research first. Try to read published essays, other blogs, or previous studies that are similar to what you wanted to write about. We have some tips you can consider in starting your reflective essay. Compose yourself. You will need to be in the right state of mind. Make sure to do some researches and background study to what you are going to write. Lastly, properly think who are the receivers or the readers of your essay. Knowing who are going to be your target readers means knowing where to go. How to write a thesis for a reflective essay on community service It is known as the summary of your main idea. Usually, in some essays, a thesis statement consists of one to two sentences. Also, keep in mind the goal of a thesis statement, which is to give bird’s eye-view as to what your readers should expect on your essay. How to write your introduction Your introduction serves as the welcome paragraph of your essay. It should be as catchy as possible. In your introduction, make sure to state the purpose of your essay, define the concept, and make sure to add some words to trigger your readers curiosity. So, here are some tips for writing an effective introduction. Keep it short. Readers sometimes lose their patience. Make it personal. As early as in your introduction, you should have already created a bond between you as the writer and your reader. Avoid clichà ©s or common lines to start your introduction. State your inspiration in writing your reflective essay. How to construct body paragraphs The body is the part of your reflective essay where you can start, elaborate and end your discussions. In this part, your personal experiences in doing community service should be placed. You could add your observations regarding the basic problems your community has as well as the possible help you can give. Usually, writers include their main idea, arguments, experiences and observations in the body. In addition, always keep in mind that every paragraph should be somehow related or connected to other paragraphs. To write your body paragraphs correctly, below are a few tips you should consider. First, write the main points you wanted to discuss in a bullet form. If needed, place specific supporting points under its respective main point. Elaborate, make sure to explain each idea you have placed. Turn the body to a sentence form; make sure to use appropriate words. Write as if you are retelling a story. Each paragraph should have connections to its succeeding paragraph. Read it aloud. If it sounds good, then it will surely be pleasant in the eyes of readers. How to finish your essay Finishing an essay is a lot easier than starting it. No studies are needed to be done, it is just internalizing. Consider if there is enough learning on your essay. Always keep in mind that a regular essay is different from a reflective essay. A reflective essay talks about the experiences you have, meaning that it is more personal than a regular essay. A conclusion is a summary of whatever you have written in your body, making your conclusion as short as possible is one the secrets for you to be able to have an excellent reflective essay. However, do not sacrifice the substance of your conclusion. Lastly, since what you have written is a reflective essay, make sure of having some lessons on the last part or your essay. Make it relatable, add a personal touch to it. Revising your essay In revising your reflective essay, ask someone to read your essay. Ask for possible revisions or recommendations. In addition, revise an hour or two after you are done writing your reflective essay. Lastly, Read it aloud, you as the writer should be able to feel the feeling of fulfillment. Outline sample I. Introduction Purpose of Community Service Definition of Community Service Thesis Statement II. Body Experiences you have with community service Observations Solution to the problems you have observed III. Conclusion Summarising Review of the main arguments Realization A reflective essay on community service (Sample) For our community to be able to survive and take the changes we have in the world today, everyone is expected to extend their help. Giving help comes in different forms; you can lend your helping hand through donations, like giving financial aid to sustain and to support what your community needs. Another way for you to be able to help your community is by simply following your community rules and regulations. For instance, following the basic traffic rules might be a very basic thing to consider; however, doing this every time gives a lasting effect on your community. Lastly, through community service, there are two connotations when someone hears the word community service, some people might think, this is a punishment to someone who is able to abide himself with the law, on the other hand, community service is an effect of volunteerism, which means, someone just want to do something different for his or her community. Community service has been the bridge in having a united and a strong community. This has been proven, and this has been observed by almost everyone. There are three benefits community service has; psychological benefit, social benefit, and cognitive benefit. A psychological benefit: with this benefit, psychologists believe that participating in a community service boosts the satisfaction and the feeling of fulfillment of an individual. Moreover, it also gives some social benefits, the moment an individual engaged himself in community service creates a better bond and better relation with another person. Lastly, for the cognitive benefits, the process of a person gain more experiences makes him a better individual. I can remember when I have participated in a community service; I have seen how camaraderie and unity bring us to where we are now. In this time, I observed how an individual works with another individual. I was able to see sincerity and determination, which I think is a good step in reaching our goal of having a peaceful world or community. I think if we continue what we have started, then, it will be easier for us to attain our ambitions in life. In a nutshell, community service might be a very difficult thing to do but trust me, once you have started doing it, you will surely love it.

What main aspects and impacts of the Thirty-Years-War are reflected in Assignment

What main aspects and impacts of the Thirty-Years-War are reflected in Grimmelshausen's Adventures of Simplicius Simplicissimus - Assignment Example novel written in satirical style Grimmelshausen depicted decline and collapse of his country’s population and peasants suffering from the cruel war. He wanted to show the peasants’ protest against injustice, lack of food, taxation, social and religious intolerance, and violence. The fact that Simplicissimus is full of progressive political argumentation shows that Grimmelshausen very well informed about politics and details of the war. As a person who participated in the war he described the events and draw small details very precisely. The novel is worth-reading and historically valuable. In spite of the fact that the author chooses no concrete heroes as protagonists, Simplicissimus, who is considered to be the main character of the book, tells the story of an innocent child who got experience in The Thirty-Years-War. In general he tells the life stories of people who participate in the war and should fight in order to survive, but in the end they are either physically injured or mentally traumatized. The book was written under the horrific impressions of the Thirty-Years-War and as it contains a lot of facts from the author’s life, it is considered to be an autobiographic novel. Simplicius tries to correct mishaps of the world and in the funny way tells the truth about all evils. After lots of misfortunes he decides to settle on an uninhabited island. He undergoes different stages of life (military service, triumph, wealth, disease, travels etc.), but finally, the character withdraws from the world. Like the author Simplicius was separated from his family and had to do a military service. The place of birth (Hanau), the siege of Magdeburg, the exploits in Westphalia correspond to the facts from Grimmelshausen’s life. All the events, which are documentary ones, have appropriate chronological order, because imaginary events are well documented. Thus, â€Å"Adventures of Simplicius Simplicissimus† is a great document in German literature, which presents

Exam 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam 2 - Assignment Example The Q1 here is 90%, followed by territory 1 and 8. Strategies for selling in new markets Here the real challenge would be to maintain projected business decisions to percolate in territory 5; equally spaced with 25% across four quarters. These territories need more marketing and publicity. Staffing requirements: Aim of the Sales Force: Aggressive selling/orders for market penetration especially in the Q1 and concentrate more on demographic locations of A. Since the sales departments across industries work under extreme pressure to deliver their targets, we are also going to follow the same structure. The basic idea here is to formulate a task force of a small team capable of undertaking substantial work and deliver goods as targeted and their goals are more aligned with the organizational goals. Further after a year, depending upon the nature of the business the team may be expanded on need basis. The staffing requirements are a combination for existing as well as new markets. The en tire sales team will be headed by the general sales manager [GSM], reporting to the CMO. Further the team would comprise of fields sales manager, the accounts group and the admin staff. Four telemarketers are to be hired since the company expects high returns in mostly all sectors. Offcourse downsizing would be looked at based on the need of the hour. All the staff will be trained hands on before putting them on field operations. Here the motivation for employees should be handsome incentives quarterly, based on achieving targets. For the first year the team should be paid incentives at 5 – 10 % of their base pay. This will be steered up the following financial year. Unique Selling Proposition (USP) for Sales: Consumer loyalty is based on the use of our machines for the first time and coming back to use the same machine over a period. This needs to be combined with the value proposition of the product and the best in class machine longevity [7 – 10 years] against compe titors having say 4 – 5 years. This is one of the keys to build loyal consumer base. Basic design for Effective Sales: The sales task force should â€Å"think consumer to be big†. The sales strategies should be consumer centric, i.e. more focused on delivering goods to the buyers. All these concepts are designed to achieve targets â€Å"first time right†. This also ensures customer satisfaction. The key points that the sales team should look into is delivering targets for the company and machines to the consumer. These commitments should help the sales team to achieve organizational goals for the financial year 2012 -2013. Sales focus should be on more mature territories like 10, 8 and 1. Here the scope of ROI is high and the market share for capture is also high. In this sector it is very logical to sell only premium models of routers for the first year. It is also apparent that due to the presence of fewer companies in sector ‘A’ as compared †˜B’ and ‘C’, the net profits would also be high since our premium routers would compensate for the volumes required. Hence, the need to maintain the customer base here is critical. The accounts team will have to play a major role here in retention of clientele. They will also have to coordinate with the telemarketers to get the job done. And here the sales rigor has to be maintained over a substantial period of 8 months for ‘A’. Once the Q1 targets are achieved then the team can also

Tumultuous Sixties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tumultuous Sixties - Essay Example However, their hopes were crushed when President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lyndon Johnson replaced Kennedy as president and brought the culture of working actively to promote the lives of Americans. Johnson believed that the only way to improve the livelihoods of the American people is through education and ending poverty. Johnson introduced the Civil Rights Act from the urging of the Congress, which then outlawed discrimination that is openly based on race, color, sex, religion, national and origin in the American federal programs (Nicholas, 2012). There was an introduction of mechanisms for enforcement to the American culture where there was an open application for voting, employment and public accommodations of American citizens and residents regardless of the race, color and religion.President Johnson introduced new student loans and grant programs that were free from racial discrimination and supported the consumer-protection legislation act. The presidentâ€⠄¢s ambitions to end poverty in America led to the effort of championing for better education and job training. However, the effort enjoyed mixed success, as it was not fully successful. In essence, the federal programs and economic expansion that Johnson initiated increased the number of problems that the poor Americans faced (Nicholas, 2012). What Americans had thought of the administration of Johnson turned out negative and critics pointed out at the numerous assassinations and unrest that occurred during his rule.

Not a Privilege, but a Right Essay Example for Free

Not a Privilege, but a Right Essay The times are ripe for civil disobedience. Not a full year ago was the act of defiance by the populace of Myanmar and their subsequent bloody repression displayed before the televisions around the world, sparking outrage and sympathetic demonstrations. The streets of Pakistan were also filled with protests, first against a President who would let an advocate of justice—a Supreme Court Justice—to be thrown to the jails for pursuing his conscience, and then again for the same President’s attempt to perpetuate his rule through an act of â€Å"emergency rule†. The world is now again made witness to a wave of international protests, sparked by violent protests by Tibetan secessionists and their repression by the Chinese government. Everywhere in the world, these acts of assembly and disobedience are criticized or hailed as acts of free expression based on the then-current sentiment. Many times, these same democracies that hails the voice of liberty and sound judgment and rule, condemn protests and demands for redress as â€Å"anarchistic in character† and â€Å"break the order and thus inconvenience the public†. Generally, if without the backing of any government, a protest is localized, and belittled as an act of unnecessary activism. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, Jr. , though living in different periods of history, fought under similar demeaning circumstances, and faced similar opposition from their government. They asserted that the act of civil disobedience was a God-given right granted to people to correct the fatal defects of government. Their separate acts of defiance were considered â€Å"illegitimately born†, â€Å"with malicious intent†, and â€Å"unwise and untimely†; these same categories echo now in the criticisms of our movements. For their sakes, then: what constitutes a valid exercise of the People’s will? Studying Thoreau and King’s works, that is, on the Duty of Civil Disobedience and Letter to a Birmingham Jail, respectively, we can identify two primary characters of a legitimated act of defiance: a legitimated cause and legitimated means. Legitimated Cause Why did we choose the term â€Å"legitimated† rather than â€Å"legitimate† or â€Å"lawful†, in characterizing a valid act of the people? This is due to the fact that the act of defiance, seeks as its purpose the overthrow of the unjust system of government. In Martin Luther King’s time, this was the segregation between â€Å"whites† and â€Å"blacks†, which though inherently unjust, was nevertheless valid under passage of law. If one were to require a â€Å"lawful† cause, it would bar any protest against any injustice that is protected under the mantle of law. The cause is â€Å"legitimated† not because of its opposition to any system, but because the system lost its mantle of legitimacy by its promotion of injustice. Thoreau wrote that if a system causes some injustice to be inflicted though it is merely incidental in its application, one would be unjust to apply a level of severity to attack it, for eventually the system will soon be smoothened out and these flaws corrected. If, however, the system compels one to cause injustice to another, then the system may be validly attacked. This is to say that in all governments, flaws are to be expected—in fact, the imperfection of the system of government lies within the need, at all, of a system of government. In view of this, Thoreau stressed not the need for a no-government, as he believes the people to be unprepared for this event, but at once a better government, which does not promote injustice and does not speak for the stronger few. The legitimated cause of a civil disobedience is dependent on the measure of injustice inflicted by the present system of government the act is made to oppose. King further elucidated this by expounding on St. Thomas Aquinas’ expression that an â€Å"unjust law is no law†. There are two ways by which a law is made unjust: if it is made contrary to natural and divine law, or, if in consonance to it, it is implemented as to make it unjust. A government, then, that enacts a law ordering the execution of every second son of every family violates the natural law against murder, promotes its agent to violate the same, and is consequently unjust. Likewise, if a government would inflict a severe punishment for the infidelity of a wife yet will only inflict a punitive penalty for the same committed by the husband, by virtue of its disproportionate application of justice the government would likewise be unjust. This injustice, then, must be inherent within the system, and so prevalent as to inflict the severity of oppression. If, however, the system is merely suffering â€Å"momentary lapses† of injustice that are incidental to its improper application, the system could be corrected without the use for excessive violence, and hence, disobedience. For example, a government erroneously enacts laws as to regulate traffic when in effect such traffic is worsened; this is no cause for civil disobedience. If however, the same law was enacted to provide for a path reserved for â€Å"white† people, as opposed to those of other races, then the system is inherently unjust. Legitimated Means The qualifying word â€Å"legitimated† is also as important here as it was in qualifying the proper cause. For any act of civil disobedience to a system is, by nature, unlawful; as paramount to a government’s duty is to make sure that its people will follow laws, however unjust it may seem to be. Dura lex, sed lex. The law, however harsh in its implementation, remains the law. Besides, which, it is in the government’s best interest that these laws are followed, as these inherently perpetuate their power. King opined that oppressors, in light of historical precedent, would not voluntarily give up their power. Nevertheless, the act of disobedience is legitimated in light of the injustice inflicted. As Thoreau explained, when something is stolen from a man, or injustice inflicted on him, he will not content himself with exhausting all lawful procedures provided for him by law; he will only be satisfied upon the return of the stolen item, and consequently his vindication. The two civil advocates differ only in the interpretation of the purpose of legitimated means: Henry David Thoreau, believing fully that the State is unjust from its inception, considers his act (in this case, the non-payment of a poll tax) as one of exclusion; he will not be part of a system that promotes injustice, in this context the propagation of slavery and the aggression inflicted on the Mexican War. King, however, considers this act of civil disobedience as an act of inclusion, and recognizes its unlawful nature and is willing to suffer its consequences. In this act, however, he hopes to unmask the oppressiveness of the system and its persecution of the advocates of equality and free expression. This distinction is further substantiated in King’s denunciation of two other camps: one that would do nothing in the face of oppression, and another that would set itself against the State and employ violent action. A proper legitimated means is one that will exhaust methods of petition provided by the State, and, having been refused, act in defiance of the system in order to promote tension and force the State to negotiate. This formula of defiance has been employed by the likes of Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi and Aung San Suu Kyi. Conclusion: Not a Choice, but an Obligation. A final word remains of civil disobedience: Thoreau warns that those who do not stand in opposition to a system that promotes injustice will necessarily aid it, and participate in it. This is the concept of collective guilt—the nation is naturally responsible for excesses inflicted upon it by the government, in their silent acquiescence to its measures. Those criticizing the untimeliness and impropriety of civil disobedience can well be reminded King’s remarks that a revolution, and an act of civil rights will never be timely, and will never be proper in the eyes of the oppressive government. Those who passively let their rights be trampled upon are equally guilty of the oppression inflicted on them. This is a harsh truth, but it remains the truth: the State will not provide for an individual who â€Å"sleeps on his rights†. So long as the people are deficient in fighting for their cause, the State will, by virtue of the previous maxim, take what it can in the name of the few and escape with impunity.